If you need to know what applications are using what ports simply follow these instructions.
1) Open the command prompt.
2) Type “netstat -ano” without the quotes.
-a: Displays all active TCP connections and the TCP and UDP ports on which the computer is listening.
-n: Displays active TCP connections, however, addresses and port numbers are expressed numerically and no attempt is made to determine names.
-o: Displays active TCP connections and includes the process ID (PID) for each connection. You can find the application based on the PID on the Processes tab in Windows Task Manager. This parameter can be combined with -a, -n, and -p.
3) Open the Windows Task Manager and look for the process ID or PID and compare to the results listed in the command prompt.
- note: If the PID information is not listed in the Windows Task Manager window, Click on the “View” menu and select the “Select Columns” option. Make sure there is a check mark beside the PID (process ID) option.
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This article only explains some of the benefits of subnets, not how to implement a subnet.
1. It provides security.
In larger companies, employees must be able to communicate with other employees from that department. Subnetting allows for the department to have its own subnetwork. Depending on how many departments the company has, each one can have its own private and secure subnetwork, independent from the other networks.
2. It allows organization of resources.
A company has several departments or types of resources: sales, customer care, IT, executive, research. With subnetting, these resources can be organized within the larger network. For example:
192.168.130.x - Executive
192.168.131.x - Research
192.168.132.x - IT
192.168.133.x - Sales
192.168.134.x - Customer Care
3. It speeds up the network.
Using subnets will decrease the size of the broadcast domain, allowing data to reach its destination much faster. For example, a network without subnetting:
192.168.x.y -
There are 255 possible values for x, and for each x there are 255 possible values for y.
This means that there are 255*255 possible recipients in the network broadcast domain.
Having such a large network broadcast domain means the signal must go through each possible recipient until it finds the correct one. To decrease the number of possible recipients, we use subnets. For example:
192.168.132.y -
Here, there are 255 possible values for y within the 132 subnet. The network broadcast domain only contains 255 possible recipients, thus making the network much faster.
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Why: Switches don’t copy all messages to all ports. They try and optimize traffic so when they learn which port a device is connected to they send all messages intended for that device to that port and stop copying to all ports. (The jargon they use for this function is ‘learning mode’)
How do you know it’s a hub: Just because it calls itself a hub doesn’t mean it is one.
If it says full-duplex in the product description it’s probably not a hub.
A switch that allows you to turn off the learning mode is effectively a hub.
A switch with a monitored port copies all messages to the monitored port and thus you can use that port as if it were a hub.
If it says ‘switch’ and you cant turn off learning mode and it doesn’t have a monitor port then it is not a hub.
A router is never a hub.
Gotcha #2 : Mixing 10 and 100 mbits/sec can cause problems.
Not all hubs copy 10mbit messages to 100mbit ports and vice versa.Use a 10mbit/sec hub if you are on a mixed network – almost all other faster devices are speed sensing and will downgrade themselves to 10mbits/sec and thus you will see all the packets. This is not true of some building automation engines where the speed of the port is configured.
You can work around this problem by connecting higher speed devices to a self sending switch/hub and then connect that switch/hub to the 10mbit hub.
Recommended Hubs
10Mbit/sec Networks – DX-EHB4 – 4 Port 10 Mbps HUB
Netgear – DS104 Dual Speed HUB
10Mbit/sec Networks – D-LINK DE-805TP
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The FS-B2510 Dual Serial-Ethernet gateway provides a wealth of features to enable data transfer between different devices and networks utilizing serial and Ethernet protocols. The extensive library of FieldServer drivers provides easy interoperability with devices and networks used in building automation, HVAC, fire and process control industries. The FS-B2510 is particular cost effective in the integration of two devices/systems utilizing serial protocols such as a fire alarm control panel to BACnet MSTP.
The FS-B2510 is one of the FS-X30 Series FieldServers designed to meet the needs of system integrators in designing a complete interoperable system. The FS-B25 Series brings together the powerful FieldServer driver library with state-of-the-art gateway design. This FieldServer includes twi serial connections (RS-232 or RS-485, software selectable) and one 10/100BaseT Ethernet ports. The multiport design allows for serial-to-serial interfaces or interface from mulitple serial products to an Ethernet or LonWorks network. The Ethernet port enables the integrator to connect a PC to download configuration changes without disturbing the system connections and without the additional cost of an external hub.
CAS sell, support, install, configure and develop custom drivers for FieldServers. With every FieldServer purchased from CAS that includes a BACnet protocol we provide a free license to the CAS BACnet Explorer which can be used to test / prove the BACnet interface is working.
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TIA Telecommunications Industry Association, TIA defined standard TIA-568-B which defines the cables and structured or modular cabling systems and termination standards for building and telecom cabling systems.
Cat5 and Cat5e Cable’s What is the difference?
Very simply put: The 5e cable is tested to a higher standard. A manufacturer may produce a single cable and only test some of it to the 5e standard. The physical characteristics of the cable are no different but the Cat5e’s higher specification makes it suitable for Gigabit Ethernet.
Whilst we are on the subject what about Cat6 ? Bandwidth is 2.5 greater at 250MhZ and that’s probably the limit with RJ45 connectors. You might be future proofing using this cable but you could also be wasting money. Also remember that Cat6 is a high tech cable and requires connectors and patch cables assembled to meet the standard.
Category 5
Category 5e
Frequency
100 MHz
100 MHz
Attenuation (Min. at 100 MHz)
22 dB
22 dB
Characteristic Impedance
100 ohms ± 15%
100 ohms ± 15%
NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
32.3 dB
35.3 dB
PS-NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
32.3 dB
ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
23.8 dB
PS-ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
20.8 dB
Return Loss (Min. at 100 MHz)
16.0 dB
20.1 dB
Delay Skew (Max. per 100 m)
no specification
45 ns
Source: discountcablesusa.com
Ethernet Cable Color Coding
There are two color coding standards. The color coding standard does not affect whether the cable is a cross-over or straight through patch cable. Color does not affect performance or use of the cable.
Standard 568A
Standard 568B
This is the most commonly used for patch cables.
1
White-Green
1
White-Orange
2
Green
2
Orange
3
White-Orange
3
White-Green
4
Blue
4
Blue
5
White-Blue
5
White-Blue
6
Orange
6
Green
7
White-Brown
7
White-Brown
8
Brown
8
Brown
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TIA Telecommunications Industry Association, TIA defined standard TIA-568-B which defines the cables and structured or modular cabling systems and termination standards for building and telecom cabling systems.
Cat5 and Cat5e Cable – What is the difference?
Very simply put – The 5e cable is tested to a higher standard. A manufacturer may produce a single cable and only test some of it to the 5e standard. The physical characteristics of the cable are no different but the Cat5e’s higher specification makes it suitable for Gigabit Ethernet.
Whilst we are on the subject – what about Cat6 ? Bandwidth is 2.5 greater at 250MhZ and that’s probably the limit with RJ45 connectors. You might be future proofing using this cable but you could also be wasting money. Also remember that Cat6 is a high tech cable and requires connectors and patch cables assembled to meet the standard.
Category 5
Category 5e
Frequency
100 MHz
100 MHz
Attenuation (Min. at 100 MHz)
22 dB
22 dB
Characteristic Impedance
100 ohms ± 15%
100 ohms ± 15%
NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
32.3 dB
35.3 dB
PS-NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
32.3 dB
ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
23.8 dB
PS-ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz)
no specification
20.8 dB
Return Loss (Min. at 100 MHz)
16.0 dB
20.1 dB
Delay Skew (Max. per 100 m)
no specification
45 ns
Source : discountcablesusa.com
Below are comparisons of two cables – one a Cat5 and the other Cat5e.
Cat5e Cable Example
Part Number: 11700A Paired – Category 5e DataTuff® Twisted Pair Cable
DESCRIPTION:
24 AWG Bonded-Pairs solid bare copper conductors, polyolefin insulation, PVC inner jacket, rip cord, industrial grade sunlight- and oil-resistant PVC outer jacket. Sequential marking at two foot intervals.
CONDUCTOR :
Number of Pairs: 4
Total Number of Conductors: 8
AWG: 24
Stranding: Solid
Conductor Diameter: .020 in.
Conductor Material: BC - Bare Copper
INSULATION :
Insulation Material: PO - Polyolefin
Nom. Insulation Wall Thickness: .009 in.
Insulation Diameter: .035 in.
Pair Color Code Chart:
Number Color
1 White/Blue Stripe & Blue
2 White/Orange Stripe & Orange
3 White/Green Stripe & Green Number Color
4 White/Brown Stripe & Brown
INNER JACKET :
Inner Jacket Material: PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride
Inner Jacket Diameter: .200 in.
Inner Jacket Ripcord: Yes
OUTER SHIELD :
Outer Shield Material: Unshielded
OUTER SHIELD SEPARATOR :
Outer Shield Separator Thickness: 0.001 in.
OUTER JACKET :
Outer Jacket Material: Industrial Grade PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride
Outer Jacket Nominal Wall Thickness: .035 in.
Outer Jacket Ripcord: Yes
OVERALL NOMINAL DIAMETER :
Overall Nominal Diameter: .285 in.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Operating Temperature Range: -40°C To +75°C
Storage Temperature Range: -40°C To +85°C
Installation Temperature Range: -25°C To +75°C
Bulk Cable Weight: 35 lbs/1000 ft.
Max. Recommended Pulling Tension: 40 lbs.
Min. Bend Radius (Install): 0.29 in.
APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS AND AGENCY COMPLIANCE :
APPLICABLE STANDARDS :
NEC/(UL) Specification: CMR, CMX-Outdoor, UL444
CEC/C(UL) Specification: CMR
IEC Specification: 11801 Category 5
EU RoHS Compliant (Y/N): Yes
EU RoHS Compliance Date (mm/dd/yyyy):: 01/01/2004
PMSHA Specification: P-07-KA060005
TIA/EIA Specification: 568-B.2 Category 5e
Other Specification: NEMA WC-63.1 Category 5e, Ethernet/IPâ„¢ compliant, UL verified to Category 5e
FLAME TEST :
UL Flame Test: UL1666 Riser
CSA Flame Test: FT4
SUITABILITY :
Suitability - Indoor: Yes
Suitability - Outdoor: Yes
Sunlight Resistance: Yes
Oil Resistance: Yes
PLENUM/NON-PLENUM :
Plenum (Y/N): N
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Nom. Mutual Capacitance @ pF/ft
Maximum Capacitance Unbalance (pF/100 m): 66 pF/100 m
Nominal Velocity of Propagation: 70 %
Maximum Delay (ns/100 m): 510 ns/100 m
Maximum Delay Skew (ns/100m): 25 ns/100 m
Maximum Conductor DC Resistance @ 20 Deg. C: 9 O/100 m
Maximum DCR Unbalance @ 20 Deg. C: 3 %
Max. Operating Voltage - UL: 300 V RMS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS - PREMISE :
Premise Cable Electricals Table 1:
Frequency (MHz) Max. Attenuation (dB/100 m) Min. NEXT (dB) Min. PSNEXT (dB) Min. ACR (dB) Min. PSACR (dB) Min. Return Loss (dB) Min. Structural Return Loss (dB)
1 2.0 65.3 65.3 63.3 63.3 20.0
4 4.0 56.3 56.3 52.3 52.3 23.0
8 5.7 51.8 51.8 46.1 46.1 24.5
10 6.4 50.3 50.3 43.9 43.9 25.0
16 8.1 47.3 47.3 39.1 39.1 25.0
20 9.2 45.8 45.8 35.2 35.2 25.0
25 10.3 44.3 44.3 34.1 34.1 24.3
31.25 11.6 42.9 42.9 31.3 31.3 23.6
62.5 16.8 38.4 38.4 21.6 21.6 21.5
100 21.7 35.3 35.3 17.1 17.1 20.1
155 27.7 32.5 32.5 4.7 4.7 19.0
200 32.0 30.8 30.8 3.0 3.0 19.0
250 36.4 29.3 29.3 >0 >0 18.0
300 40.5 28.2 28.2 >0 >0 18.0
310 41.3 27.9 27.9 18.0
350 44.3 27.2 27.2 17.0
Premise Cable Electricals Table 2:
Frequency (MHz) Input (Unfitted) Impedance (O) Fitted Impedance (O) Min. ELFEXT (dB) Min. PSELFEXT (dB)
1 100 ± 12 105 ± 10 63.8 60.8
4 100 ± 12 100 ± 10 51.7 48.7
8 100 ± 12 100 ± 10 45.7 42.7
10 100 ± 12 100 ± 10 43.8 40.8
16 100 ± 12 100 ± 10 39.7 36.7
20 100 ± 12 100 ± 10 37.7 34.7
25 100 ± 15 100 ± 10 35.8 32.8
31.25 100 ± 15 100 ± 10 33.9 30.9
62.5 100 ± 15 100 ± 10 27.8 24.8
100 100 ± 15 100 ± 10 23.8 20.8
155 100 ± 18 100 ± 10 19.9 16.9
200 100 ± 20 100 ± 10 17.7 14.7
250 100 ± 20 100 ± 10 15.8 12.8
300 100 ± 20 100 ± 10 14.2 11.2
310 100 ± 20 100 ± 10 13.9 10.9
350 100 ± 22 100 ± 10 12.9 9.9
Cat5 Cable Example
Part Number: 1633A Paired – Category 5 Unbonded-Pair Cable
DESCRIPTION:
24 AWG solid bare copper conductors, non-plenum, Polyolefin insulation, twisted pairs, overall Beldfoil® Shield, drain wire, rip cord, see color code chart (below), PVC jacket (gray or blue).
SUITABLE APPLICATIONS :
Suitable Applications: Premise Horizontal Cable
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
CONDUCTOR :
Number of Pairs: 4
Total Number of Conductors: 8
AWG: 24
Stranding: Solid
Conductor Material: BC - Bare Copper
INSULATION :
Insulation Material:
- Polyolefin
>Pair Color Code Chart:
Number Color
1 White/Blue Stripe & Blue
2 White/Orange Stripe & Orange
3 White/Green Stripe & Green
4 White/Brown Stripe & Brown
OUTER SHIELD :
Outer Shield Material Trade Name: Beldfoil®
Outer Shield Type: Tape
Outer Shield Material: Aluminum Foil-Polyester Tape
Outer Shield %Coverage: 100 %
OUTER SHIELD DRAIN WIRE :
Outer Shield Drain Wire AWG: 24
Outer Shield Drain Wire Stranding: Solid
Outer Shield Drain Wire Conductor Material: TC - Tinned Copper
OUTER JACKET :
Outer Jacket Material: PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride
Outer Jacket Ripcord: Yes
OVERALL NOMINAL DIAMETER :
Overall Nominal Diameter: .260 in.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Operating Temperature Range: -20°C To +80°C
Bulk Cable Weight: 28 lbs/1000 ft.
Max. Recommended Pulling Tension: 25 lbs.
Min. Bend Radius (Install): 1 in.
APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS AND AGENCY COMPLIANCE :
APPLICABLE STANDARDS :
NEC/(UL) Specification: CM, UL444
CEC/C(UL) Specification: CM
EU CE Mark (Y/N): Yes
EU RoHS Compliant (Y/N): Yes
EU RoHS Compliance Date (mm/dd/yyyy):: 01/01/2004
TIA/EIA Specification: 568 TSB 36, Category 5
Other Specification: UL verified to TSB 36, Category 5
FLAME TEST :
UL Flame Test: UL1685 UL Loading
CSA Flame Test: FT1
PLENUM/NON-PLENUM :
Plenum (Y/N): N
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Nom. Mutual Capacitance @ pF/ft
Maximum Capacitance Unbalance (pF/100 m): 330 pF/100 m
Nominal Velocity of Propagation: 67 %
Maximum Delay (ns/100 m): 538 @ 100MHz ns/100 m
Maximum Delay Skew (ns/100m): 45 ns/100 m
Maximum Conductor DC Resistance @ 20 Deg. C: 9.38 O/100 m
Maximum DCR Unbalance @ 20 Deg. C: 5 %
Max. Operating Voltage - UL: 300 V RMS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS - PREMISE :
Premise Cable Electricals:
Frequency (MHz) Max. Attenuation (dB/100 m) Min. NEXT (dB) Min. PSNEXT (dB) Min. Structural Return Loss (dB) Fitted Impedance (Ohms)
1 2.0 62.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
4 4.1 53.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
8 5.8 48.8 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
10 6.5 47.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
16 8.2 44.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
20 9.3 42.8 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
25 10.4 41.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
31.25 11.7 39.9 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
62.5 17.0 35.4 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
100 22.0 32.3 No Spec No Spec 100 ± 15%
Straight Thru Patch Cable vs Cross-Over Cable
The easiest way to tell the difference is to take the two ends and gold them up against each other. If the same color wires on are the same pins it’s a straight through path cable. If any of them cross-over then it’s a ….. cable.
Ethernet Cable Color Coding
There are two color coding standards. The color coding standard does not affect whether the cable is a cross-over or straight through patch cable. Color does not affect performance or use of the cable.
Standard 568A
Standard 568B
This is the most commonly used for patch cables.
1
White-Green
1
White-Orange
2
Green
2
Orange
3
White-Orange
3
White-Green
4
Blue
4
Blue
5
White-Blue
5
White-Blue
6
Orange
6
Green
7
White-Brown
7
White-Brown
8
Brown
8
Brown
Why twist the pairs ?
Signals can bleed or crosstalk from one pair to another. Twsisting significantly reduces the degree of crosstalk.
Near End Cross Talk is known as NEXT
Far End Cross Talk is known as FEXT
Ethernet Cables and RJ45 Connectors
It is often recommended that the RJ45 connector match the cable – If the cable is stranded the use a RJ45 plug with stranded conductors. The author cant find a reason for this assertion.
The standard for the use of RJ45 connectors on cat5 and Cat5e cable is a maximum untwist of 0.5inch for termination on the RJ45 connector.
Under no circumstances should an other part of the cable be unwound. Take great care in assembling cables and inspect the assembly if the cable doesn’t perform well.
Stranded vs Solid Conductors
The use of stranded conductors is recommended for flexible cables like patch cable. There is some discussion suggesting that solid conductors offer slightly better performance over the life of the cable.
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Dual Serial – Ethernet